{"id":1148,"date":"2025-08-01T12:58:29","date_gmt":"2025-08-01T10:58:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/termopares-la-ciencia-de-la-termometria\/"},"modified":"2026-02-09T14:37:32","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T13:37:32","slug":"thermocouples-the-science-of-thermometry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/en\/termopares-la-ciencia-de-la-termometria\/","title":{"rendered":"What is a thermocouple and how does it work?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1148\" class=\"elementor elementor-1148\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bd6ffd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bd6ffd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74711e7b\" data-id=\"74711e7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7e6ff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7e6ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">WHAT IS A THERMOCOUPLE?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36b038d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36b038d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thermocouples consist of two metallic wires of different materials, joined at one end. This junction constitutes the measurement point (hot junction). The other end is called a cold junction.<\/p><p>The heating of the measuring junction causes an electrical voltage, approximately proportional to the temperature. (Thermoelectric effect, Seebeck effect). This voltage (EMF electromotive force) is due to two factors: the different electrode density of the two materials and the difference in temperature between the hot spot and the cold spot.<\/p><p>This means that a thermocouple does not measure the absolute temperature but the differential temperature between:<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1149 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/news_termopar2-300x94-1.jpg\" alt=\"news_thermocouple2\" width=\"300\" height=\"94\" \/><\/p><p>T1 hot junction<br \/>T2 cold junction<\/p><p>Since electrical voltage measurement is usually performed at room temperature, the voltage value would indicate too low a temperature value since room temperature is subtracted. To maintain the value for the absolute temperature, \u201ccold junction compensation\u201d is applied.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1150 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/news_termopar1.jpg\" alt=\"news_thermocouple1\" width=\"195\" height=\"195\" \/>In the past (in some calibration laboratories still today), this compensation was done by immersing the cold tip in an ice bath.<\/p><p>In modern instruments with thermocouple input (eg transmitters, portable meters or panel-mounted instruments etc.) an electronic cold junction compensation is incorporated.<\/p><p>Each metal has a specific electronegativity. (Electronegativity = tendency of atoms to attract or emit electrons)<\/p><p>To achieve maximum thermal stress, specific combinations of materials are applied to create thermocouples with vastly different electronegativities. These material combinations have certain limitations \u2013 due for example to the maximum application temperature.<\/p><p>The following standards define thermocouples:<\/p><ul><li>IEC 60584-1: Thermocouples - Basic values of thermal voltages<\/li><li>IEC 60584-2: Thermocouples - Limit deviations of thermal stresses<\/li><li>IEC 60584-3: Thermocouples: Thermocouple cables and compensation cables<\/li><\/ul><p>ASTM E230:<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/catalogoPDFs\/AreaTecnica\/Codigos_colores_Termopares.pdf\">Tables with standard specification and electromotive force (EMF) for standardized thermocouples.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7df099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a7df099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">WHAT TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLES ARE THERE?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4976971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4976971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thermocouples are available in different metal combinations or calibrations to suit different applications. The three most common are Type J, K, and T calibrations, of which the Type K thermocouple is the most popular due to its wide temperature range and low cost. The Type K thermocouple has a nickel-chromium positive lead and a nickel-aluminum negative lead.<\/p><p>There are type R, S, B, G, C and D calibrations for high temperature that offer performance up to 2320\u00b0C. These are made of precious metals (platinum\/rhodium and tungsten\/rhenium) and are therefore relatively expensive.<\/p><p>Each calibration has a different temperature range and working environment. Although thermocouple calibration dictates the temperature range, the maximum range is also limited by the diameter of the thermocouple wire. That is, a very thin thermocouple may not be able to reach the desired temperature range.<\/p><p>Our <a href=\"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/catalogo\/termopares-industriales\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Maximum Temperature Guide for Thermocouples<\/a> shows the maximum temperatures for each type of thermocouple and wire diameter. This guide also provides upper temperature limits for mineral-insulated thermocouple probes in common sheath diameters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ad414b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ad414b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to choose a type of thermocouple?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3537f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a3537f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/es.omega.com\/pptst\/TJ36-ICIN.html\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/srcsl.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/TJ36-CC_chb_m.jpg\" alt=\"Transition Junction Thermocouple Probe\" align=\"right\" \/><\/a> Because thermocouples measure over very wide temperature ranges and are relatively robust, thermocouples are widely used in industry. The following criteria are used in the selection of a thermocouple:<\/p><ul><li>Temperature range<\/li><li>The chemical resistance of the thermocouple or sheath material<\/li><li>Abrasion and vibration resistance<\/li><li>Installation requirements (may need to be compatible with existing equipment; existing holes may determine probe diameter)<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a77ef8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a77ef8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">reference charts<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e5fd74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e5fd74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The thermocouple produces a voltage output that can be correlated with the temperature it is measuring. The documents in the table below provide the tolerances and corresponding temperatures for a given thermocouple type. Most documents also provide the thermocouple&#039;s temperature range, error limits, and ambient conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cae30a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cae30a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3150ef\" data-id=\"b3150ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a024e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a024e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-large\">DO YOU NEED A CUSTOM-MADE THERMOCOUPLE?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85cfe1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85cfe1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\">\u00a0Send us your inquiry and our technical department will contact you as soon as possible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4d7fea elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d4d7fea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"mailto:consultas@srcsl.com\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">SEND INQUIRY<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00bfQU\u00c9 ES UN TERMOPAR? Los termopares consisten en dos hilos met\u00e1licos de diferentes materiales, unidos en un extremo. Esta uni\u00f3n constituye el punto de medici\u00f3n (junta caliente, hot junction). El otro extremo se llama junta fr\u00eda (cold junction). El calentamiento de la junta de medici\u00f3n provoca una tensi\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica, aproximadamente proporcional a la temperatura. (Efecto [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2559,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[196,64,194,193,54,195],"class_list":["post-1148","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticias","tag-sensorica-industrial","tag-termometria","tag-termopar-bayoneta","tag-termopar-encamisado","tag-termopares","tag-thermocouple"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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